Populareconomicsblog

Popular Economics Weekly

FREDcpiindex

The St Louis Federal Reserve graph tells us what is going on with April’s plunge in the Consumer Price Index. It’s due to a moderation of soaring gas prices. But food, shelter, and supply shortages haven’t moderated that have also pushed prices higher.

So, how long will such inflation persist that is terrifying everyone?

The consumer price index rose just 0.3 percent last month, the government said Wednesday, matching the smallest increase in eight months. The yearly rate of U.S. inflation fell to 8.3 percent in April to mark the first decline in eight months.

Grocery prices have increased 10.8 percent in the past year, the biggest surge since 1981.The cost of rent and housing both rose sharply again in April and helped explain the big increase in the core rate of inflation.

Over the past year the cost of shelter has climbed 5.1 percent to mark the largest gain in 40 years. Shelter costs account for a third or more of a typical household budget. There are shortages everywhere, and such so-called ‘supply shocks’ are the cause of soaring inflation, mainly caused by the pandemic. Another ‘supply shock’ has been the reluctance of workers to return to work after the pandemic, causing a slowdown in production.

One year ago prices were at rock bottom, as were interest rates. Today, the demand by consumers and businesses (flush with cash and cheap loans) for goods and services has gotten ahead of supply chains, in other words. But sooner or later supply will catch up as businesses recover from the pandemic, and demand will slow because rising prices cause spending to slow.

So, is this panic time for the Fed to be jacking up interest rates drastically? No, as I said recently. The Ukraine war and China’s COVID are adding to the supply shocks as well, which is another temporary phenomenon.

Too much government aid that is putting too much money in consumers’ pockets is the conservative answer to bring down inflation, which means they really want to cut back on government spending, in spite of the voting for all the aid packages, including the latest infrastructure bill that will create more high wage jobs.

It is the wrong thing to do at this time, since more government spending is spurring higher production, as well. That’s why Fed Chair Powell said recently he was confident that just two rate hikes of 50 basis points each should be enough to slow inflation for the rest of this year. It should also tame fears about future rate increases, by assuring their predictability.

It also looks like the cost of wholesale goods and services has also peaked, as it rose a milder 0.5% in April vs the prior month. In March, wholesale prices had jumped 1.6% largely because of a surge in oil prices. The increase in wholesale prices over the past year, meanwhile, slowed to 11% from 11.5%, the government said Thursday.

So why the sudden recession fears? Such fears defy both logic and history. Serious recessions take a long time to manifest, as I also said recently.

It took two years under Chairman Greenspan to ring on a recession. The Fed raised its rates 16 times over that term after holding rates below the inflation rate for too long in early 2000, causing the Great Recession. The so-called stagflation wage-price spiral of the 1970s was 10-year period when energy prices soared. That took more years and multiple recessions before Fed Chair Volker brought down inflation by raising interest rates into the double digits.

No one wants that to happen now, of course. Even more important is the recovery from a lingering pandemic, and aiding Europeans in winning their war in Ukraine. Russia is in many ways a failed state with a steadily shrinking economy, a massive brain drain of its best and brightest, and a dictator who believes he is reviving a Czarist Empire from another century.

The world’s economies are still rehabilitating and the patient will require considerable longer term care to bring it to a full recovery.

Harlan Green © 2022

Follow Harlan Green on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HarlanGreen

Popular Economics Weekly

NBER.org

We are at a classic top of the business cycle when the demand for products is sky high and all the factors that restrict supply are causing red hot inflation numbers. The Federal Reserve then must per its mandate to balance employment with price stability step in to restrict credit by raising short-term interest rates, among other measures.

What happens next will determine how high the Fed pushes interest rates to ‘tame’ the inflation tiger, and whether it causes another recession.

What the pundits who predict such things seem not to keep in mind is there are many parts that make a recession, which take a lot of time to happen (see wide spacing between gray bars that indicate recessions in NBER employment graph.).

For instance, there was no recession between 1983 to 1991, and a record 10-year expansion from 1991 to 2001.

The National Bureau of Economic (NBER) is the actual arbiter of recessions, and it says: “The determination of the months of peaks and troughs is based on a range of monthly measures of aggregate real economic activity published by the federal statistical agencies.”

Most of the indicators, including employment, consumer spending and industrial production, don’t indicate much of an impending slowdown.

MarketWatch

The unemployment rate remained unchanged at 3.6 percent and 428,000 more jobs were created in April, according to the US Labor Dept., so no real sign of weakening employment, one of the first signs of a recession. Industrial production and business investments are also high and show little signs of slowing. Consumer spending is red hot and may suffer most from rising interest rates.

But the real test will be if many of the supply chain shortages can be circumvented, from chip makers who failed to predict the soaring demand for motor vehicles, to a war in Ukraine causing food shortages. And we still have the tail end of the coronavirus pandemic affecting China, a supplier of much of the world’s cheap products.

Under Chairman Greenspan, the Fed raised its rates 16 times over two years, after holding rates below the inflation rate for too long in early 2000, causing in part the housing bubble while allowing the negative interest ‘liar’ mortgages that brought down Lehman Brothers and caused the Great Recession.

And the number of job openings is at a series high of 11.5 million on the last business day of March, although little changed over the month, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported on Tuesday. Hires, at 6.7 million, were also little changed while total separations edged up to 6.3 million.

So recessions take a long time to happen, in general, and there are much more important priorities now, including aiding Ukraine in its war with Russia and continuing to fight the pandemic.

Harlan Green © 2022

Follow Harlan Green on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HarlanGreen

Financial FAQs

FREDretailsales

Retail sales are rising 5.5 percent YoY, which is a sign that the economy is still booming, and the possibility of a recession years away. That is, if inflation begins to taper of its own accord, which consumers think it will, despite the Ukraine war-induced sanctions.

Former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers doesn’t think it will, which is why he says a recession is “the most likely thing” partly because the Federal Reserve “is going to have to keep going [in its effort to subdue inflation] until we see disinflation.”

Summers has been the main inflation hawk, whereas Janet Yellen the current Treasury Secretary and past Chair of the Federal Reserve was more upbeat that the U.S. economy could escape a recession as it begins to raise interest rates.

Half of the inflation number is volatile gas prices. Gas sales rose 8.9 percent in the retail report, pushing up gas prices more than 8 percent, while auto sales fell -1.9 percent, signaling that car makers are catching up to demand and car prices moderating.

Even though the inflation rate has soared to 8.5 percent, consumers are increasingly optimistic about their future. The University of Michigan’s gauge of consumer sentiment rose in April to 65.7, a more than 10 percent increase from March’s reading of 59.4,

UofMichigan

Consumer Sentiment jumped by a surprising 10.6% in early April, although it remained below January’s reading and lower than in any prior month in the past decade, said the University of Michigan’s press release. Nearly the entire gain was in the Expectations Index, which posted a monthly gain of 18.0%, including a leap of 29.4% in the year-ahead outlook for the economy and a 17.2% jump in personal financial expectations. 

The reason for their increasing optimism was plentiful jobs and rising wages. Consumers under the age of 45 expect a 5.3 percent increase in their wages this year, almost enough to keep up with inflation expectations.

“Consumers still anticipate that the national unemployment rate will inch downward, acting to improve consumers’ outlook for the national economy,” Richard Curtin, the survey’s chief economist wrote. 

U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen is also more cautiously optimistic than Larry Summers re the inflation outlook. She said on Wednesday the Federal Reserve would need luck and skill to maintain a strong labor market while bringing inflation down, or in economists’ terms to engineer a “soft landing.”

“It has been done in the past. It’s not an impossible combination,” Yellen said, during a talk at the Atlantic Council. Yellen said she was more worried about the prospects of a recession in Europe given the impact of the war in Ukraine than one in the U.S..

Americans anticipated gasoline prices to remain steady over the next year, which is in line with their overall outlook that inflation will moderate, said the sentiment survey. Americans’ expectations for overall inflation over the next year held steady at a 5.4 percent inflation rate in March while expectations for inflation longer term over the next five years has remained at 3.0 percent for many months.

Another reason for optimism concerning a “soft landing” as the Fed begins to raise interest rates, is that industrial production is soaring, which also helps bring down inflation.

The Federal Reserve just reported that industrial production jumped 0.9 percent in March. and February’s gain was revised up to 0.9 percent from the initial estimate of a 0.5 percent increase. For the first quarter, output was up at an 8.1 percent annual pace, with the output of motor vehicles and parts up 7.8 percent in March.

Supply chains are beginning to catch up to demand, another reason that inflation may moderate, and consumers’ optimism is warranted. But it will require considerable  “luck and skill” to avoid a recession, as well as a favorable outcome to the war in Ukraine.

Harlan Green © 2022

Follow Harlan Green on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HarlanGreen

Financial FAQs

TradingEconomics

U.S. service sector activity that powers two-thirds of economic activity above graph) is surging more than ever, according to the Institute of Supply Management non-manufacturing survey. It is growing per 58.3 percent of managers surveyed, with the index for employment and new orders even higher. New orders rose 4 points to 60.1 percent, and production activity also edged higher.

“In March, the Services PMI® registered 58.3 percent, a 1.8-percentage point increase compared to the February reading of 56.5 percent. The 12-month average is 62.3percent, which reflects consistently strong growth in the services sector. The March reading indicates the services sector grew for the 22nd consecutive month after two months of contraction and 122 months of growth before that. A reading above 50 percent indicates the services sector economy is generally expanding; below 50 percent indicates the services sector is generally contracting.”

So this doesn’t look like impending stagflation, the wage-price spiral that happened in the 1970s and pushed inflation to record highs, while growth came to a standstill.

Pundits and some banks that forecast a future wage-price spiral seem to have forgotten that it took consecutive Arab (OPEC) oil embargos in the 1970s causing gasoline shortages and long lines at gas stations for almost a decade to make that happen.

Whereas the Ukraine war and its concomitant sanctions are less than two months old. Why should we even be worrying about prolonged inflation, and what the Fed might do to tame it, when we don’t know whether this war will last for months, or years, and what will be needed to win it?

Predictions of a looming recession are premature, so say the least. Both the service and manufacturing sectors are booming, while supply chains are struggling to catch up and replenish inventories.

This is while the jobs market is red hot with more returning to work. New U.S. jobless claims matched a 54-year low of 166,000 in early April, for instance — the second lowest reading in history— during a period of remarkably strong hiring and the lowest layoffs on record.

The ISM’s service sector employment index increased to 54% from 48.5%. Businesses got no relief from inflation, however. The prices-paid index moved up to 83.8% from 83.1%, just a tick below a record high.

What will help to tame the inflation tiger? More workers returning to work will increase production, replenishing inventories. And governments will be increasing their spending, as well, due to the Ukraine war. This will stimulate further production increases.

MarketWatch columnist Jeffry Bartash maintains what was called the “Great Resignation” is over, a time since the pandemic when workers were reluctant to return to work.

“To be sure, Americans have been saying “I quit” in record numbers,” said Bartash. “Almost 57 million people left jobs — many more than once — in the 14-month period from January 2021 to February 2022. That’s a 25% spike vs. a similar time span before the pandemic.”

The hiring wave began more than a year ago. The U.S. added 431,000 new jobs in March, the government said last week, extending a streak of large job gains going back to the start of 2021. The unemployment rate also sank to 3.6 percent last month — just a tick above a 53-year-low — from nearly 15 percent just two years ago.

“All of the hiring took place against the backdrop of high covid cases and the reluctance of millions of formerly employed people to return to the labor market. Hiring might have taken place even faster, economists say, if the pandemic had petered out and generous government unemployment benefits were ended sooner,” continued Bartash.

So maybe we can endure a bit more inflation if the red hot demand that’s causing it is bringing more people into the workforce and helping Ukraine to win its war?

Harlan Green © 2022

Follow Harlan Green on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HarlanGreen